Evaluating the accuracy of the actuator line model against blade element momentum theory in uniform inflow

We evaluate the accuracy of actuator line model (ALM) approach by performing simulations for NREL~5~MW wind turbine in uniform inflow using three large eddy simulation codes. The power and thrust coefficients obtained codes agrees within $1\%$ when grid spacing $\Delta_{\rm grid} \le 5.25$~m, are cross-validated against blade element momentum (BEM) theory. find that results ALM converge towards BEM theory without need tip correction numerical resolution is increased. For grid}=0.98$~m difference between coefficient $4.5\%$ $2.1\%$, respectively, although we note no absolute convergence can be as both models use different assumptions, such a force projection method ALM. local axial tangential forces along blades from = 1.97$~m 0.98$~m $10\%$. effect number points on limited about times spacing. This insight required used to improve efficiency simulations.